˙WPCn U.ņ % % 04+#_ Q W ¯ģ!Ë![ f]"ėà )ë,đ˙HĀGnuÁ0˙˙ČT˙˙ČT<Ô6X9`+Courier<ˆ 9+CourierBoldÔ'‰?xxx,,XxāĨū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙˙˙ū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙{˙˙˙˙ū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙˙˙˙˙T(‰?xxx,,/XxųŖū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙                                                            ˙˙˙˙                                                           ėfˇž3|MÖ ū˙"AIP[rƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙E?˙˙˙˙˙ū˙ĖĖ0ŗËĪ4ĖĪüĀÃü˙04/˙˙˙˙˙˙Nˇ˙˙āĢ˙đđmpΟ˙‰@đ2BP€@LL ū˙"AIP[rƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙E?˙˙˙˙˙ū˙ĖĖ0ŗËĪ4ĖĪüĀÃü˙04/˙˙˙˙˙˙Nˇ˙˙āĢ˙đđmpΟ˙‰@đ2BP€@LL  <ū6X9`(CourierX˙˙HG( ¤U$ĄĄĶ  ĶHP LaserJet IIIPh€lexicon€proportional€to€the€log€of€a€tHP3P.PRS2,zŲ,\,\,,đ˙HĀGnuÁ0Ũ ƒ¤U!ŨĶ  ĶŨ W ŨŌ°ŌŅ7€āĨXXdČ7ŅņČņÔ% € ÔņČņÔ% € Ô08„01„95€€€€THE€NORMAL€JOB€SEQUENCE€FOR€ō ōLEXķ ķ€ANALYSES.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Đ @ ĐĖĖā  āThe€procedures€for€determining€the€LEX€value€of€a€text€areĪextensive.€€That€makes€it€easy€to€forget€one€or€another€step€unlessĪQLEX€is€used€every€day.€€This€file€(ō ōJobSequenceķ ķ)€serves€to€refreshĐ ( č Đyour€memory€for€the€steps€and€the€meaning€of€the€options.ĖĖ€1.€€TRANSFER€all€QLEX€related€files€on€this€diskette€to€a€hard€disk,Īafter€creating€a€directory€named€ō ō\QLEXķ ķ.€€Those€files€will€take€a€bitĐ H   Đmore€than€one€megabyte.€€ĖĖ€2.€€NAME€the€text€file€on€which€LEX€is€to€be€calculated.€€A€sample€Ėfile€is€on€the€QLEX€diskette€(IRS1040A„„an€explanation€for€a€US€taxĪform).€€You€should€use€this€file€to€acquaint€yourself€with€theĪprocedures€before€going€on€to€analyze€your€own€text€files.ĖĖā  āFiles€can€be€transcribed€(a)€directly€from€the€keyboard,€(b)Īimported€as€a€file,€or€(c)€scanned€optically€with€OCR€software.€€IĪuse€an€HP€scanner€and€Caere€OmniPage€Professional€for€most€entries.€ĪōōALL€TEXTSķķ€must€be€in€ōōASCII€formatķķ,€i.e.€stripped€of€all€the€unseenĪcodes€put€there€by€your€word„processor.€€The€name€for€your€text€fileĪshould€be€ōōx.ASCķķ,€as€in€IRS1040A.ASC„„where€x€is€any€8€character/digitĪname„„to€distinguish€that€ASCII€version€from€the€x.TXT€version€of€theĪsame€file€produced€by€one€or€another€word€processor.€ĖĖ€3.€EDITING.€€ō ōIf€you€want€your€LEX€statistics€to€be€comparable€to€theĐ P Đ4500+€texts€already€in€the€Cornell€Corpusķ ķ,€the€text€must€be€edited.Đ X ĐThe€rules€to€which€all€LEX€texts€conform€are€given€in€LEXGUIDE€(oneĪof€the€files€on€your€QLEX€diskette).€€LEXGUIDE€may€be€viewed€fromĪyour€screen€by€using€the€utility€named€SEE€(which€is€also€on€the€QLEXĪdiskette).€e.g.€SEE€LEXGUIDE€(or€you€can€print€it).ĖĖ€€€€€Editing€of€files€according€to€LEX€rules€has€been€simplified€(toĪsome€degree)€by€a€new€automatic€editing€program€called€ō ōLEXEDITķ ķ€(alsoĐ Đ " Đin€the€QLEX€directory).€€LEXEDIT€carries€out€many€of€the€fussierĪediting€rules€automatically€(e.g.€all€broken€words€at€the€end€ofĪsentences€are€reformed€into€intact€words„„since€QLEX€cannot€deal€withĪsuch€end„of„line€hyphenations).€€There€are€many€editing€rules€andĪthis€program€handles€a€good€share€of€them„„leaving€you€to€concentrateĪon€finding€proper€names,€and€to€make€the€tough€judgment€calls.€€YOUĪSTILL€HAVE€TO€EXAMINE€YOUR€TEXT€for€errors,€even€after€LEXEDIT€hasĪdone€its€job.ĖĖ€€€€€Alternatively,€you€may€use€your€own€editing€rules,€or€not€botherĪwith€editing€your€files€beyond€correcting€for€typos.€€You€will€saveĪtime.€€Unedited€texts€appear€somewhat€harder/less€accessible€or€moreĪspecific€in€their€referencing€than€edited€texts€because€LEX€editingĪleaves€out€all€proper€names,€numbers,€etc.€ĖĖā  āTo€run€LEXEDIT€on€your€ASCII€text,€type:€ĖĐ .Ø'3 Đā  āā ` āā ¸ āLEXEDIT€x.ASC€REPLACE.LSTĖĖ€4.€€Run€the€QLEX€program€on€your€text€ōōby€following€the€STEP„BY„STEPĖprocedures€described€in€LEXGUIDE.ķ퀀ō ōEach€QLEX€job€run€takes€2€tries.ķ ķĐ ˜X ĐThe€first€is€to€find€the€typos€and€editing€errors.€€After€these€areĪcorrected,€then€proceed€with€your€final€run.€€LEX€takes€just€a€coupleĪof€seconds€to€run„„so€this€second€step€takes€little€time.€€ĖĖā  āFirst€run:€produce€an€output€file€(its€file€extension€is€.OUT)ĖĖā  āā ` āon€this€first€run,€do€ō ōnotķ ķ€ask€for€the€x.123€output€file.Đ Đ  Đā  āā ` ābut€you€will€want€it€one€the€second€run.ĖĖUsing€the€utility€SEE.EXE,€examine€your€output€file€(x.OUT)€from€yourĪfirst€run€for€typos€and€other€text€errors.€€Most€typos€will€be€foundĪin€the€list€of€RESIDUALS€(words€the€program€could€not€find€in€itsĪ10,000€word€dictionary).€You€could€have€used€a€spell„checker€to€doĪthis€before€running€QLEX.€€This€.OUT€file€can€be€examined€by€typing:€ĖĖ€type:€SEE€x.OUT€€(The€full€analysis€will€appear€on€your€screen).Ėā  āā `  (Use€the€arrow€keys€to€move€around€this€file)ĖĖUse€SEE€to€examine€ōōanyķķ€ASCII€file€on€your€screen.€€Once€the€errors€inĪyour€texts€have€been€corrected,€then€run€the€final€QLEX€analysis€ōōbutĪbefore€you€doķķ,€ōōdelete€the€x.OUT€file€you€created.ķķ€(If€you€do€notĪdelete€OUT,€the€next€time€you€produce€an€OUT€file,€it€will€add€it€toĪthe€end€of€the€first€OUT,€and€so€on€indefinitely).ĖĖ€5.€In€your€second€and€final€QLEX€run,€you€will€be€asked€to€name€ō ōtwoķ ķĐ  ā Đoutput€files:ĖĖ€(1)€ō ōx.OUT€ķ ķis€the€name€of€your€final€QLEX€output€analysis.€€For€a€ā @ # āā @ # āĐ x8 ĐņČņĐ x8 ĐņČņ1000€word€text,€this€output€can€be€7€to€10€pages€long€and€long€timeĪto€print.€€It€is€so€extensive€that€you€will€NOT€want€to€print€it„„ŧņČņŧņČņrather,€examine€this€file€on€your€screen,€using€the€utility€programĪnamed€SEE.€Small€x€refers€to€the€name€of€your€file;€while€.OUT€refersĪto€the€type€of€file€(your€output€file).€Option:€omit€the€x.out€file.ĖĖ€(2)€ō ōx.123ķ ķ€is€essential€to€calculating€LEX€for€your€text.€€This€is€Đ đ#°& Đmy€selection€of€99€variables€from€the€QLEX€analysis.€€It€is€createdĪso€that€you€can€import€it€into€a€spreadsheet€(EXCEL,€Lotus€1.2.3€orĪQuattroPro,€etc)€€for€further€analyses.€€These€x.123€files€will€beĪstored€in€the€\QLEX€directory.€LEXGUIDE€provides€step„by„step€detailsĪon€how€these€files€are€produced.ĖĖā  āā ` āĖ6.€The€final€step€in€calculating€LEX€for€a€texts€is:ĖĖā  āType:€MIGNON€€(the€name€of€its€programmer)ĖĖā   €€€You€will€be€asked€the€name€of€the€file€on€which€a€LEXĖ€ā  āā ` āscore€is€to€be€calculated.€€IMPORTANT:€Type€just€theĐ .Ø'3 Đā  āā ` ā8„character/digit€name€(x),€ōōō ōomitķ ķ€the€period€and€extension.ķķ€Đ @ Đā  āā ` āIt€will€take€just€a€second€and€then€MIGNON's€variables€ā @(# āā @(# āwillĖā  āā ` āappear€on€your€screen.€€ō ōThe€LEX€value€you€want€is€theРА Đā  āā ` āone€on€the€left„„LEX1„„i.e.€the€lexical€difficulty,€theĖā  āā ` ālexical€accessibility€or€lexical€specificity€level€of€theĖā  āā ` ātext.ķ ķĐ ( č ĐĖ€€€€€€€€When€you€run€MIGNON,€the€screen€will€display€the€x.LEX€file„„Ėā  āa€subset€of€8€variables:€the€first€ō ō(LEX1)€ķ ķis€the€text's€LEXĐ € @ Ѐā  āmeasure;€the€N€(#€words€in€the€text,€after€editing);€the€ā (# āņČņĐ H   ĐņČņā @(# āĐ H   Đtext's€mean€content€word€(expressed€in€frequency/million€inĖā  āgeneral€English€usage);€its€median€word/million,€etc.).€IgnoreĖā  āLEX2„„a€special€analysis€using€a€different€split€between€openĖ€€€€€€€€and€closed€class€types.€ĖĖā  āā ` āMIGNON€takes€the€cumulative€proportion€distributionĖ€ā  āā ` āproduced€by€QLEX€(stored€on€the€x.out€and€x.123€files)Đ Ā€  Đā  āā ` āand€with€a€little€calculus€determines€the€LEX€score€andĖā  āā ` āseveral€other€measures€from€that€text.€ĖĖā  āā ` āThe€MIGNON€program€separates€the€text's€use€of€the€firstĪā  āā ` ā10,000€most€common€English€words€into€two€sets:€ĖĖā  āā ` āā ¸ ā(a)€words€ranked€1„„75€(nearly€all€the€'closed€class'Īā  āā ` āā ¸ āā  āor€grammatical€words),€Ė€ā  āā ` āā ¸ ā(b)€words€ranked€76„10,000„„(all€of€the€most€common€Đ Čˆ Đā  āā ` āā ¸ āā  ā'open€class'€or€content€words).€€Ė€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ō ōLEX1€is€only€based€onķ ķ€ō ōopen€class€words.Đ X Đķ ķĖ€ā  āā ` āMIGNON€identifies€the€LEX€pattern€of€a€text's€word€choiceĐ č¨ Đā  āā ` āfrom€the€size€of€the€areas€under€the€open€class€cumulativeĪā  āā ` āproportion€curve.€(There€is€a€separate€score€for€the€closedĪā  āā ` āclass€terms„„that€is€a€more€complicated€subject.€WriteĖā  āā ` āto€me€if€you€intend€to€get€into€this€sort€of€thing€as€IĖ€ā  āā ` āhave€explored€these€matters€in€great€detail).Đ Đ " Đā  ā€Ė€€€€€€€€€€If€you€want€a€hard€copy€of€this€x.LEX€output€file:ĖĖā  āā ` āā ¸ ātype:€print€x.LEX€ĖĖĖ€ā  āā ` āThe€MIGNON€program€automatically€produces€two€output€files:Đ H& ) Đā  āā ` āā ¸ ā(1)€your€filename€with€the€.ō ōLEXķ ķ€extension„„thisĐ 'Đ * Ѐā  āā ` āā ¸ āā  ācontains€the€8€variables€you€saw€on€the€screen;€Đ Ø'˜!+ Đā  āā ` āā ¸ ā(2)€the€other€is€a€file€with€your€filename€and€.ō ō321ķ ķ€asĐ  (`", Đā  āā ` āā ¸ āā  āits€extension.€You€may€import€this€file€intoĖā  āā ` āā ¸ āā  āEXCEL,€LOTUS€1.2.3€or€QUATTROPRO€spreadsheet.Ė€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€method€varies€but€you€ōōimportķķ€thisĪā  āā ` āā ¸ āā  āfile€(in€x.321,€data€are€separated€by€commas).Ė€€€Ėā   €€€The€MIGNON€program€automatically€produces€this€second,€moreĪā  āā ` ācomplete€analysis€of€99€variables.€€By€pooling€many€LEXĐ .Ø'3 Ѐā  āā ` āanalyses€together€into€one€file,€you€can€do€statisticalĐ @ Đā  āā ` āanalyses€of€dozens€of€texts€at€one€time„„get€their€average,Īā  āā ` ādispersion,€etcĖĖ€7.€€TECHNICAL€NOTE.€Ėā  āā ` āMost€investigators€can€ignore€sections€7€&€8.ĖĖā  āā ` āQLEX€established€each€text's€cumulative€use€of€1stĖā  āā ` ā10,000€most€common€word„types.€€It€does€not€appear€thatĖā  āā ` āthe€closed€class€words€(those€ranked€1€through€75)€haveĖā  āā ` ābeen€separated€from€the€open€class€words€(76„10000)Ėā  āā ` āin€MIGNON,€but€it€has.€ō ōĐ Ø˜  Đķ ķĖā  ā€ā ` āMignon's€LEX€value€is€correct€but€the€distributionĐ h(  Đā  āā ` ādoes€not€show€this€partitioning€at€75/76.€€If€you€want€ā @(# āā @(# āā @(# ātoĖā  āā ` āexamine€the€cumulative€distributions€partitioned€atĖā  āā ` āword€ranks€75/76,€you€must€use€the€procedure€below.Ėā  āā ` āThe€measures€are€the€same„„only€the€appearance€of€theĖā  āā ` ācumulative€distribution€differs.€€ĖĖ€€€€€(b)€€ōōOnly€in€the€rare€case:€ķķ(where€you€want€to€see€the€separateĖā  āā ` ācumulative€distributions€for€closed€and€open€class€words),Īā  āā ` āuse€the€following€procedure.ĖĖ€€€€€€€€€€Use€the€two€programs€known€as€321.EXE€and€322.EXE€on€theĪā  āā ` āQLEX€directory.€€They€are€included€on€the€QLEX€disketteō ō€BUTĐ Čˆ Đā  āā ` āMUST€BE€moved€into€a€SEPARATE€DIRECTORY€on€your€hard€driveķ ķ.€Đ P Đā  āā ` āCreate€a€\321€directory€and€copy€these€two€programs€to€ā @(# āā @(# āit.Īā  āā ` āWhen€you€use€these€programs,€do€it€from€the€\321€directory,Īā  āā ` āNOT€from€\QLEX.ĖĖ€€€€€€€€€€If€the€output€files€from€a€QLEX€analysis€have€been€storedĖā  āā ` āin€the€QLEX€directory,€you€will€have€to€indicate€that€factĖā  āā ` āwhen€asked€where€the€files€are€by€the€321€program.Ė€€€€€€€€€€€€Ė€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Type:€321ĖĖā  āā ` āThe€321€program€will€generate€an€output€file€of€its€ownĖ€ā  āā ` āknown€as€x.321„„stored€on€this€\321€directory.€€Đ đ#°& ĐĖā  āā ` āNext€step,€type:€322€€€You€will€be€ask€the€name€of€theĖ€ā  āā ` āx.321€file€you€just€produced.€€Type€that€filename€and€theĐ H& ) Đā  āā ` ā322€program€will€calculate€the€separate€areas€beneath€theĪā  āā ` āclosed€class€and€the€open€class€curves.€You€can€import€ā @(# āā @(# āthisĪā  āā ` āx.322€file€to€a€spreadsheet€and€a€stat.€package.€€ĖĖā  āā ` āNote:€the€difference€between€the€(a)€and€(b)€procedures€isĪā  āā ` āin€how€the€cumulative€curves€are€presented:€as€oneĖā  āā ` ādistribution„„(a),€or€as€two€(separatņĖņeņĖņly€for€closed€andĖā  āā ` āopen€class€types„„in€(b).€€The€LEX€statistics€are€the€sameĖā  āā ` āwith€either€procedure.ĖĐ .Ø'3 Ѐ8.€€Assuming€you€have€followed€the€normal€MIGNON€analyses€and€Ėā  āō ōyouķ ķ€ō ōwant€to€import€these€files€into€a€spreadsheetķ ķ:Đ Č ĐĖā  āTo€import€MIGNON's€output€files€to€QuattroPRO,€EXCEL€or€LotusĪā  ā123€€type:€/,€then€select€Tools,€then€select€Import,€thenĖā  āselect€data€separated€by€commas€(x.321€is€not€an€ASCII€file)€andĪā  āthen€designate€the€drive€and€location€of€the€file€you€want€toĖā  āanalyze€further.ĖĖ€€€€€Once€imported€to€the€spreadsheet,€give€this€file€a€name€withĖ€ā  ā.WK1€at€its€file€extension€(if€QuattroPro).€Now€exit€QuattroPRO.Đ Đ  ĐĖ€9.€€From€the€spreadsheet€you€can€go€to€any€statistics€package€youĪā  ālike.€I€use€MINITAB€(the€full€main„frame€version).ĖĖĖ10.€€FOR€MOST€APPLICATIONS,€you€do€not€go€through€steps€7€and€8Ė€ā  ābecause€the€LEX€stats€you€want€are€given€in€the€file€namedĐ ˆH  Đā  āx.LEX.€€You€can€print€that€file,€read€it€from€the€screen,€sendĖā  āit€on€to€a€spreadsheet,€or€to€a€stat€pack.Ėā  āĖĖ28„08„99€ņÕņĖ€ņÕņņÖņÔ% € ÔņÖņsaved€as€JOBSEQUN.TXT€on€the€QLEX€MASTER€diskette